Comparative Analysis of EV Charging and Gas Costs
Intro
The transportation landscape is undergoing a significant transformation, marked by the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) as a viable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. With this shift comes a pressing question: how do the costs of charging electric vehicles stack up against fueling conventional gasoline vehicles? The financial implications of this choice extend beyond just the price at the pump or per kilowatt-hour. This article aims to dissect various cost factors, including energy prices, efficiency of both vehicle types, and potential long-term financial advantages.
Understanding the economics of these two modes of transportation also means paying attention to regional influences, such as state-level incentives for electric vehicle adoption or variations in gasoline prices depending on local demand and supply chains. Additionally, the charging infrastructure's development plays a role in shaping consumer choices.
As we delve deeper into this comparative analysis, readersâwhether they are investors, financial planners, or just curious individualsâwill gain a well-rounded insight into the associated costs of driving on electricity versus gasoline. Each section will take stock of the nuances of this discussion, offering a comprehensive guide to making informed transportation decisions.
Prologue to Vehicle Fueling Options
In the world of personal transportation, understanding vehicle fueling options has become more vital than ever. This isnât just about how to get from point A to point B; itâs about making informed decisions that have long-lasting implications for our wallets and the planet. As the automotive landscape shifts, driven largely by innovation and environmental considerations, the contrast between charging electric vehicles (EVs) and fueling conventional gasoline vehicles stands out starkly.
The rise in different energy sources has opened up new avenues for consumers, making it crucial to explore both the financial and environmental facets of these choices. Deciding between an EV and a gasoline-powered vehicle goes beyond initial costs; it encompasses factors like efficiency, maintenance, and infrastructural support. Evaluating these aspects not only helps individuals make better personal decisions but also contributes to broader discussions about sustainability and the future of transportation.
Shift in Energy Sources
The shift in energy sources is a defining element in todayâs automotive dialogue. Fossil fuel dependency is increasingly scrutinized, pushing consumers and industries toward alternatives. Electric vehicles, powered largely by charging stations utilizing renewable energy, present a promising avenue. Nowadays, many states are investing extra in renewable energy technology, which shifts the focus from gasoline to electric formats.
Notably, governments across the globe have begun to prioritize the expansion of charging infrastructure, while at the same time, promoting cleaner energy initiatives. This shift affects not just consumer choices but also shapes policy and market landscapes in profound ways. Investments in wind and solar power can reduce charging costs and enhance energy efficiency, making EVs more appealing in the long run.
Market Growth of Electric Vehicles
The growth of the electric vehicle market is unlike anything we've seen before. With more manufacturers rolling out new models and improving existing designs, consumers find themselves in a new age of options. Adoption rates for EVs are skyrocketing, propelled by advancements in battery technology, government incentives, and changing consumer attitudes. Many people are realizing the benefits of electric vehicles extend beyond just environmental concerns; they can also pave the way for cost savings over time.
In response, traditional automakers arenât sitting idle. Theyâre investing heavily in electrification initiatives, signaling a bold transition to meet consumer demand.
"The electric vehicle market is not a passing trend; itâs the future arriving faster than we ever anticipated."
As features become more sophisticated and cost-effective, the landscape changes rapidly. By looking at electric vehicles versus gasoline vehicles through this lens, people start to see that the choice they make today impacts not just their immediate circumstances but also the future trajectory of the automotive industry.
Understanding Charging Costs for Electric Vehicles
Understanding the costs associated with charging electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial in comprehending the broader financial implications of switching from traditional gasoline vehicles. With the rise of EV adoption, evaluating charging expenses helps consumers and investors make informed decisions. Knowing how charging works, what influences pricing, and the different setups available can directly contribute to cost management and benefits realization.
The key characteristics of charging costs revolve around the types of installation, maintenance required, and the pricing model employed by energy suppliers. For instance, some setups may involve higher upfront costs, but these could pay off over time in energy savings. Moreover, awareness of the costs enables users to weigh their options more effectively, understanding not only immediate expenses but also their long-term implications.
Home Charging Setup and Costs
Initial Installation Expenses
Initial installation expenses refer to the costs incurred when setting up a home charging station. Typically, these can range from several hundred to a few thousand dollars, influenced mainly by the type of charger and the electrical infrastructure of the home. A Level 2 charger, which is more common for homeowners, often comes with higher costs due to the need for specialized installation.
The primary benefit of investing in a home charging station is that it allows for convenient overnight charging. This feature means electric vehicle owners can wake up to a fully charged battery, reducing the need to visit public charging stations. However, a unique aspect of this installation is that it may require electrical upgrades, especially in older homes, further adding to the initial cost.
Monthly Energy Bills
Monthly energy bills are another crucial component when it comes to understanding EV charging costs. Unlike gasoline, which fluctuates rapidly, electricity rates can vary based on location and utility providers. Typically, charging an EV at home is significantly cheaper compared to filling up a gasoline vehicle. For example, in regions where electricity is less expensive, the monthly cost for charging could come to as low as $30 to $50, compared to the often higher recurring gas expenditure.
One important characteristic of monthly energy bills is that they can fluctuate based on usage patterns. For those who charge primarily at night when rates are often lower, savings can be maximized. Conversely, charging during peak hours may result in higher costs. Understanding this element allows consumers to plan their charging patterns wisely.
Public Charging Stations
Types of Charging Stations
There are several types of public charging stations available, which include Level 1, Level 2, and DC Fast Chargers. Level 1 chargers are typically found in residential settings and are not usually suitable for public use due to their slow charging speeds. Level 2 chargers, on the other hand, are more prevalent in commercial areas, providing a balance between charging speed and convenience.
DC Fast Chargers are the fastest option available for public charging. They can charge an EV battery to about 80% in just 30 minutes. The unique advantage here is the ability to quickly recharge during long trips, making them a practical option for road trippers. However, this convenience can come with a higher price tag, reflecting the rapid service provided.
Cost Variability by Location
Cost variability by location plays a key role in how much consumers pay to charge their electric vehicles. In urban areas, charging stations may charge premium prices due to high demand, whereas in rural settings, prices could be significantly lower, attracting more consumers. Additionally, some locations may feature free charging stations as an incentive to attract customers.
Understanding this variability is fundamental for consumers who wish to optimize their expenses. Identifying local charging options beforehand can lead to better financial decisions. For instance, a consumer might choose to drive out of a high-cost area to find a cheaper station, directly saving on charging costs.
Cost per Mile Comparison
Energy Consumption Metrics
Energy consumption metrics are crucial when discussing the cost per mile for electric vehicles. This metric quantifies how much energy (in kilowatt-hours) a vehicle uses to travel a certain distance. Most electric vehicles operate between 3 to 5 miles per kWh, depending on various factors including driving conditions and vehicle model.
A key benefit of using energy consumption metrics is their ability to help consumers calculate their effective cost per mile. For instance, if an EV consumes 4 miles per kWh and the local electricity price is $0.13 per kWh, the cost per mile would be roughly $0.03. Such calculations show that EVs can provide substantial savings over gasoline vehicles, reiterating their potential economic advantage.
Efficiency of Electric Motors
The efficiency of electric motors cannot be understated in the context of cost comparison. Electric motors convert about 60% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels, which is significantly higher than the roughly 20% efficiency of gasoline engines. This efficiency represents a critical consideration as it influences the overall costs associated with driving an electric vehicle.
One notable feature of electric motor efficiency is that it tends to remain consistent despite driving speeds or conditions, making it a reliable form of transportation. This characteristic also contributes to lower operational expenses compared to gasoline engines, which can face decreased efficiency under heavy loads or while idling.
Overall, understanding these various facets of charging costs for electric vehicles not only aids consumers in financial planning but also enhances the debate on the future of automotive energy solutions.
Evaluating Fuel Costs for Gasoline Vehicles
The assessment of fuel costs for gasoline vehicles is a fundamental component of understanding the financial dynamics of car ownership. This evaluation not only highlights ongoing expenses but also encapsulates factors like efficiency and regional variations that can significantly impact a driver's wallet. How much you pay for gas, for instance, varies widely from one area to another, influenced by local regulations, availability, and even competition among gas stations. Recognizing these aspects allows consumers to gauge their expenditures more effectively compared to electric vehicles.
Current Gas Prices
Gas prices are not static; they fluctuate constantly due to a mix of global and local influences. Tracking them helps in budgeting and in comparing with the costs of alternative fuel sources.
Regional Price Variances
Regional price variances play a critical role in shaping the overall fuel costs that drivers face. In populous areas, one might find gas prices spiking due to higher demand. For instance, urban settings can expect to pay more at the pump than rural regions, primarily because of transportation costs and convenience factors.
The key characteristic of these variances is their direct correlation to local economic conditions, which serves as a lens through which to evaluate potential savings.
Pros:
- Allows for strategic fuel purchasing depending on location.
- Helps consumers understand their local markets.
Cons:
- Price instability can lead to budgeting challenges for long-term ownership.
Factors Affecting Fuel Prices
The factors affecting fuel prices are multi-faceted, ranging from crude oil prices on the global market to seasonal trends and even natural disasters. For example, prices often skyrocket during the summer as demand for travel increases. Key aspects include:
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Hurricanes or unexpected refinery outages can impact availability.
- Geo-Political Issues: Unrest in oil-producing regions can cause speculative trading to push prices higher.
Understanding these factors helps consumers to prepare for and anticipate fluctuations, potentially saving money in the long run, especially if they decide to adopt an electric vehicle in those volatile times.
Efficiency of Gasoline Engines
Examining the efficiency of gasoline engines is paramount when analyzing the overall cost of owning a gasoline vehicle. Efficiency rates can provide insights into whether the initial investment in a more optimized engine pays off in the long run.
Average Miles Per Gallon
Average miles per gallon (MPG) is a critical measure for evaluating the performance of gasoline vehicles. Vehicles that deliver higher MPG will typically require less fuel to travel the same distance as those with lower ratings.
The key characteristic of MPG is that it serves as a benchmark for consumers evaluating different vehicle models.
Benefits of focusing on MPG include:
- Reducing fuel costs directly.
- Lowering environmental impact through less fuel usage.
However, not all vehicles achieve optimal MPG, especially in urban settings where stop-and-go driving is the norm, leading to higher consumption than anticipated.
Impact of Vehicle Maintenance
Regular vehicle maintenance significantly influences fuel efficiency. Neglecting to service a car can lead to decreased performance and, by extension, fuel usage that can easily spiral into unwanted expenses. For instance, a car with improperly inflated tires will consume more fuel.
Key highlights include:
- Expected Routine Maintenance: Ensures the vehicle runs efficiently, supporting better MPG.
- Cost Considerations: The cost of maintenance must be factored into overall ownership costs.
Cost per Mile for Gasoline Vehicles
Understanding the cost per mile for gasoline vehicles is essential for accurate budgeting and financial planning. The analysis of mileage regarding fuel prices creates a clearer picture of total operational costs.
Fuel Consumption Calculations
Fuel consumption calculations are indispensable for establishing a baseline for cost evaluations. Knowing how much fuel a vehicle consumes per mile can help in determining your monthly budget with precision.
The key characteristic is that it translates vehicle efficiency directly into understandable numbers. For example, if a vehicle gets 25 MPG and gas prices are $3 per gallon, you would be spending about $0.12 per mile.
Understanding fuel consumption can inform decisions about driving habits, vehicle choice, and even whether to switch to an electric alternative.
Long-Term Cost Implications
Long-term cost implications of driving gasoline vehicles cannot be overlooked. Factors like changing environmental regulations, which may increase costs over time, are critical to consider for the future.
Key elements that contribute to long-term costs include:
- Regular maintenance expenses associated with older vehicles.
- Potential changes in fuel taxation driven by shifts in policy.
Understanding these long-term implications allows drivers to make informed decisions about their current gasoline vehicle or future purchases.
"Evaluating how much you spend on fuel not only helps budget effectively but also opens a window to understanding the broader economic landscape of fuel pricing and consumption."
In summary, assessing fuel costs for gasoline vehicles involves not just looking at current prices, but considering a range of factors from maintenance to regional influences. This comprehensive understanding is invaluable for consumers aiming to make the most financially sound choices regarding their transportation options.
Comparative Cost Analysis: Electric Vehicles vs. Gasoline Vehicles
When analyzing the costs associated with electric vehicles (EVs) in comparison to traditional gasoline vehicles, it's essential to appreciate the layers beneath the surface. This comparison speaks not only to financial implications but also to broader contexts, such as environmental impact and market dynamics. Identifying the balance of decisions leads us to understand why this analysis is imperative for consumers, investors, and policymakers alike.
The cost analysis encapsulates three critical elements:
- Upfront Costs Consideration: Represent the initial financial barrier to entry for both types of vehicles, which varies significantly.
- Operating Costs Over Time: These costs determine the long-term financial viability of a vehicle, as they account for fuel, maintenance, and potential incentives.
- Resale Value Considerations: This aspect aids in understanding how investments hold value over time, affecting the total cost of ownership.
Navigating this comprehensive terrain helps buyers make more informed choices grounded in reality, rather than merely preference or hype.
Upfront Costs Consideration
The initial cost of acquiring a vehicle can often dictate a buyer's choice more than any other factor. For electric vehicles, the sticker price tends to be higher due to the cost of advanced technologies and batteries. For example, a Tesla Model 3 generally starts at a higher price point compared to the Honda Civic. Although this is true, various state incentives and federal tax breaks can mitigate these costs significantly, sometimes leveling the playing field or even tilting in favor of EVs.
- Initial Purchase Price: The base price of electric vehicles is often in the range of $30,000 to $50,000, whereas gasoline counterparts can start around $20,000, reflecting a visible disparity.
- Incentives: Financial incentives can range from tax credits of up to $7,500 to rebates that lower the purchase price. This element is crucial as prospective buyers should diligently research their local policies.
Despite the initial higher cost, buyers should not overlook the potential for long-term savings in operational costs through lower energy bills.
Operating Costs Over Time
Once the keys are handed over, the running costs become the next point of contention. Electric vehicles often present lower operating costs compared to gasoline vehicles, mainly due to:
- Fuel Costs: Electric charging is typically cheaper on a per-mile basis than gasoline. The average cost for charging might land between $0.10 to $0.15 per kWh depending on location, while gasoline prices can fluctuate significantly. For instance, as of mid-2023, average gas prices hover around $3.50 per gallon, meaning costs to drive a gasoline vehicle can vary greatly.
- Maintenance: Electric vehicles boast fewer moving parts, which naturally leads to lower maintenance costs. The absence of oil changes and simpler brake systems contribute to these savings.
However, itâs prudent to note the longevity of battery life as a potential long-term expense. Battery replacement can be costly, ranging from $5,000 to $15,000, although most batteries are designed to last well over 100,000 miles.
Resale Value Considerations
While initial purchase and running costs are essential, resale value resonates particularly with buyers who see vehicles as investments. The depreciation rate for electric vehicles has become a key metric for many. Historically, EVs do depreciate faster than gasoline vehicles, primarily due to:
- Market Perception: Consumer preferences are evolving, but uncertainty about upcoming technologies can deter buyers from purchasing used EVs.
- Battery Health: As mentioned, battery lifespan is often a concern. Consumers are understandably cautious when evaluating used electric vehicles, given the potential for significant battery replacement costs.
In 2023, the resale value of electric vehicles varies greatly by model and local demand but is gradually stabilizing as the market becomes more accustomed to them. Higher resale values can be seen in popular models such as the Tesla Model Y, which retain a strong market demand.
As a prospective buyer, whether investing in an electric vehicle or a traditional gasoline counterpart, understanding these dynamics is crucial. It allows individuals to make an informed decision that aligns not just with their immediate needs but also with their long-term financial and environmental goals.
Factors Influencing Charging Costs
When evaluating the dynamics of charging costs for electric vehicles, several factors come into play. Understanding these elements is crucial, not just for consumers but also for investors and policy makers keen on navigating this evolving transportation landscape. The interplay between energy sources, pricing models, and incentives can markedly influence the overall cost of operating an electric vehicle, contrasting sharply with traditional gasoline fueling. By dissecting these components, we can grasp how they shape the financial landscape for electric vehicle owners and what implications they hold for future trends.
Energy Source and Pricing Models
The foundation of charging costs for electric vehicles is intricately linked to the energy sources used and the pricing models adopted. Electric vehicles predominantly draw power from the electricity grid, which can fluctuate in price based on various factors. For instance, regions heavily reliant on renewable sources might see more stable or lower rates during certain times, while those dependent on fossil fuels can face premiums when demand rises. Understanding the energy mix of a given area is instrumental for potential EV owners, as it can dictate long-term charging costs.
Additionally, pricing models have become more sophisticated over the years. Utility companies are beginning to roll out dynamic pricing models where the cost per kilowatt-hour varies depending on the time of day and demand levels. For instance, charging during off-peak hours can yield significant savings.
Illustrative Example:
- Peak Demand Times: Charging at peak times may cost nearly twice as much.
- Off-Peak Charging: Most utilities offer lower rates, providing a great opportunity for cost savings.
Thus, being aware of oneâs local electricity pricing dynamics allows EV owners to make more economical charging choices.
Incentives and Subsidies
In the realm of electric vehicles, incentives and subsidies have become a significant factor influencing overall cost dynamics. Governments at various levels have introduced initiatives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles, recognizing the environmental and economic benefits of this transition.
Governmental Incentives
Government incentives can take various forms, such as tax credits, rebates on vehicle purchases, or grants for installing home charging stations. One key characteristic of these incentives is their variability based on geographic location. For example, in the United States, the federal government offers a tax credit of up to $7,500 for qualifying electric vehicles, while states may provide additional benefits.
Benefits of Governmental Incentives:
- Encouragement of EV adoption: They make electric vehicles more affordable to a broader audience, directly impacting purchasing decisions.
- Support for Infrastructure Development: Federal and state funding often supports the installation of charging stations, further improving access to charging for potential customers.
However, there are some downsides as well. The phasing out of incentives as electric vehicle sales ramp up can leave future buyers facing higher upfront costs. Moreover, the eligibility criteria can sometimes be convoluted, presenting barriers for some would-be buyers to access these crucial benefits.
Local Initiatives
Local initiatives often complement government incentives, focusing on community-driven efforts to promote electric vehicles. Many cities have introduced their own subsidy programs, sometimes offering cash rebates for purchasing electric cars or investing in charging infrastructure.
A unique feature of these local efforts is that they often target specific demographic or geographic aspects, making incentives more tailored and potentially effective. For instance, urban areas might provide urban credits to promote EV usage in densely populated regions, addressing specific environmental concerns there.
Advantages of Local Initiatives:
- Community Engagement: These programs often encourage community participation in sustainability efforts.
- Additional rebates: Local programs can enhance the financial incentives available to consumers, making EVs even more appealing.
Conversely, challenges may arise from lack of awareness or insufficient funding allocations that can limit the effectiveness of such initiatives. Outdated local policies may also hamper growth in certain regions, preventing further integration of electric vehicles into the community.
In summary, understanding these factors affecting charging costs provides vital insights for consumers and investors alike. The landscape is complex, varying not just from region to region but also adjusting over time with evolving technology and policy. As more people shift towards electric vehicles, these dynamics are likely to continue to change, demanding ongoing diligence and adaptability from stakeholders.
Environmental and Social Considerations
In the dialogue around alternative fuels and transportation, the topic of environmental and social considerations often takes center stage. Understanding the ecological ramifications of vehicle choices is not just for the eco-conscious; it's vital for investors and policymakers alike. The implications of choosing electric vehicles versus gasoline-powered ones extend beyond simple cost analysisâthese decisions ripple through our communities, affecting air quality, public health, and the sustainability of our resources.
Carbon Footprint Analysis
Electric vehicles (EVs) are often hailed as a solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, yet the reality is nuanced. The carbon footprint of EVs is primarily influenced by two factors: the source of the electricity used to charge them and the lifecycle emissions of the vehicle itself.
- Energy Source Impact: If the electricity comes from renewable sources like wind, solar, or hydro, the carbon footprint shrinks considerably. However, if it's generated from coal or other fossil fuels, the benefits can diminish. In regions heavily reliant on coal for energy, driving an EV can sometimes be less environmentally friendly than a modern gasoline vehicle. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, only about 20% of the U.S. electricity comes from renewable sources; thus, regional considerations play a significant role in evaluating the true environmental impact of EV charging.
- Lifecycle Emissions: Manufacturing electric car batteries is another crucial aspect. Mining lithium, cobalt, and nickelânot to mention the energy used in productionâcontributes to emissions. Studies indicate that emissions from battery production can account for a significant portion of an EV's total lifecycle emissionsâranging from 10% to even 75%, depending greatly on the energy mix during production.
By comparing these variables, potential buyers can better understand the full picture of what their choices mean for world climate and local air quality.
Sustainability of Energy Sources
The sustainability of energy sources for electric vehicle charging is an indispensable element in promoting a healthier planet. There's a need to critically assess where our energy comes from and how it is generated. The conversation hinges on several factors:
- Renewable Energy Expansion: Emphasizing wind, solar, and geothermal electricity reduces dependency on fossil fuels. As technology advances, the feasibility and affordability of these energy sources continue to improve. According to the International Energy Agency, renewables could account for over 80% of global electricity demand by 2050âtransforming the energy landscape for EV charging.
- Grid Infrastructure: The current state of power grids also matters. Old grids may struggle under the additional load of widespread EV adoption. Investment in modern, smart grids that can handle increased demand is essential for a sustainable energy future.
- Local Actions and Initiatives: Local governments and companies are experimenting with unique solutions. Community solar projects, electric vehicle charging stations powered by wind farms, and battery storage innovations are popping up worldwide. These initiatives not only reduce reliance on carbon-heavy energy sources but also emphasize the importance of local ecosystems.
To put it simply, while adopting electric vehicles can present various environmental benefits, the true sustainability of this switch depends on the systemic robustness of our energy frameworks.
"Investing in clean energy infrastructure is not just an option; itâs a necessity for the future our children deserve."
The path towards a greener transportation future is intricate and intertwined with societal and environmental outcomes. Recognizing the details surrounding carbon emissions and sustainable energy sources allows for more informed decisions in the realm of public policy and personal transportation.
Ending and Future Outlook
In closing, this article sheds light on the nuanced financial implications that arise from choosing between electric vehicles (EVs) and conventional gasoline vehicles. It's not just about the initial outlay or the per-mile costs; factors like energy pricing, governmental incentives, and improvements in charging infrastructure play a vital role. Understanding the landscape now allows potential car buyers and investors to make informed decisions that could sway their financial futures and environmental impact.
Economic Trends Affecting Fuel Choices
The economic landscape surrounding fuel options is continuously changing. As countries grapple with climate change and push for greener solutions, electric vehicles are gradually becoming more appealing. Recent studies highlight that global oil prices remain volatile, impacted by geopolitical tensions and supply disruptions. This often leads many consumers to pivot toward EVs, which typically offer lower operation costs over time.
In particular, several economic trends are shaping fuel choices:
- Increased energy prices across the board may draw consumers to explore alternatives like EVs, where cost stability is more achievable.
- Government incentives and rebates for purchasing electric vehicles are proliferating, making them more accessible.
- Investment in renewables and charging infrastructure can mitigate range anxiety, a concern many have when considering EVs.
- Inflation may raise general living costs, provoking price sensitivity that tilts consumer preference toward more economical choices.
As electric vehicle technology advances, it's crucial for analysts and investors to be aware of these trends. The demand for transportation fuels is expected to surge in the coming years, and understanding the underlying economic indicators will help navigate these waters.
Technological Innovations in Charging
Looking ahead, technological innovations will shape the future of vehicle charging in remarkable ways. Current advancements have already demonstrated drastic improvements in charging speed, efficiency, and overall consumer convenience. Some noteworthy trends include:
- Supercharging Networks: Several manufacturers, like Tesla, have invested in charging stations that can refill battery capacity in mere minutes, changing the long-standing perception of EVs as impractical for long trips.
- Wireless Charging: Researchers are exploring inductive charging technology that may allow electric vehicles to charge while parked or even while driving over special roadways. Imagine cruising down the highway, not bothering to stop for a charge.
- Battery Technology: Solid-state batteries are on the horizon, promising longer life spans and faster charging times, which could make electric vehicles even more appealing than traditional options.
- Smart Charging: Integration with smart grids and energy management systems will facilitate charging when electricity rates are low, ultimately reducing costs for consumers.
âThe future of electric vehicles carries the potential to reshape our daily lives through convenience and environmental consciousness.â
As we weigh these advancements, consumers are likely to lean more towards electric solutions as the technological viability improves. The dance of innovation, economic conditions, and consumer behavior makes it a fascinating period for automotive choices.
For more in-depth information, you might find the following resources helpful: Wikipedia on Electric Vehicles, Britannica on Fuel Costs.
